![malvern zetasizer pricing malvern zetasizer pricing](https://i.ebayimg.com/images/g/twsAAOSwWVxevVPd/s-l300.jpg)
![malvern zetasizer pricing malvern zetasizer pricing](https://3.imimg.com/data3/IN/WJ/MY-2957828/zetasizer-nano-500x500.jpg)
Exposure of AuNPs with different functional groups were reported to cause mortality, developmental disorders, hypolocomotor activity and abnormal behavioural activity of zebrafish embryos (Kim et al., 2013 Harper et al., 2011 Truong et al., 2012). Some recent studies have reported that AuNPs might induce DNA damage and chromosomal abnormalities of both human and murine cells (Xia et al., 2017 Di Bucchianico et al., 2014), while another report showed that AuNPs of 1.4 nm could bind to DNA directly (Pan et al., 2007). Data on the genetic and developmental toxicity of AuNPs mainly come from zebrafish and in vitro cell culture research. Previous studies have addressed the transplacental transport characteristics of AuNPs, including the window of time for transportation, the influence of surface modification and scale of AuNPs on transportation, and the metabolism and distribution of AuNPs throughout the body during pregnancy (Yang et al., 2012 Tian et al., 2013 Yang et al., 2014). However, the potential adverse effects of AuNPs on pregnancy and embryonic development are not thoroughly understood. Exposure to nanoparticles in pregnancy carries additional risks due to the potential for fetal exposure and teratogenesis or developmental distrurbances hence, there are growing concerns regarding potential hazards resulting from exposure to nanosized materials in pregnancy (Li et al., 2014 Ema et al., 2010). Accordingly, substantial attention has been paid to the biological effects, toxicity and pharmacokinetics of AuNPs and their interactions with proteins and cells (Świdwińska-Gajewska & Czerczak, 2017 Feliu et al., 2016 Hornos Carneiro & Barbosa Jr., 2016 Wang et al., 2015 Araújo et al., 2015). Due to their unique electronic and optical features, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been used for biomarker detection, drug and gene delivery, molecular imaging and photothermal/photodynamic treatment (Boisselier & Astruc, 2009 Chen et al., 2007 Huang et al., 2007 Podsiadlo et al., 2008). With the rapid development of nanotechnology, a number of nanoparticles (NPs) have been approved for use in the medical, pharmaceutical and cosmetic fields (Bowman et al., 2010 Petros & DeSimone, 2010 Yang et al., 2012 Tian et al., 2013). These findings suggest the safety of biomedical applications employing AuNPs during pregnancy is strongly influenced by fetal maturity and gestational age at exposure and provide the clues for AuNPs safe application period in pregnancy. While exposure to A30 during late pregnancy had little or no impact on dams and fetuses. These results illustrate that maternal A30 exposure in early pregnant results in A30 transfer into embryonic tissues, inhibiting ectodermal differentiation of embryonic stem cells, leading to abnormal embryonic development and abortion. qPCR assays showed A30 suppressed the expression of ectodermal, but not mesodermal and endodermal differentiation markers. TEM imaging of fetal tissue sections confirmed the transfer of A30 into fetal brain and live as aggregates. A30 caused minor impairment of liver and kidney function of A30E but not A30L mice. The developmental damage caused by A30 followed an “all-or-nothing” pattern, as the non-aborted fetuses developed normally and pregnancies maintained normal endocrine values. ResultsĮxposure to A30 during early (A30E) but not late (A30L) pregnancy caused a high abortion rate (53.5%), lower fetal survival rate and abnormal decidualization compared with non-exposed counterparts.
![malvern zetasizer pricing malvern zetasizer pricing](https://scientificservices.eu/adaptive/images/funded_by_eu/ieguld_1.png)
Tukey’s method was used for statistical analysis. Murine embryonic stem cells derived embryoid-bodies or neuroectodermal cells were treated with A30 (0.0025 to 0.25 μg Au/mL) to examine A30 effects on expression levels of the germ differentiation marker genes. The pregnant mice physiological states with A30 exposure were examined by biochemical, histological or imaging methods and materno-fetal distribution of gold elements was assayed by electron microscopy and mass spectrometry. Fetal abortion rate and morphological development in E16.5 were then detected in detail. Thirty nm polyethylene glycol (PEG)-coated AuNPs (A30) were administered to pregnant mice via intravenous injection (5 μg Au/g body weight) over three days at either early or late pregnancy. The aim of this study is to explore the effect of AuNPs maternal exposure at different gestational ages on fetal survival and development, as well as the potential mechanism of AuNPs affecting embryos and fetuses. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been widely studied for biomedical applications, although their safety and potential toxicity in pregnancy remains unknown.